Armed contingents from France, Germany, Austria, Russia, and Japan were on their way. By the end of May 1900 Britain, Italy, and the United States had warships anchored off the Chinese coast at Taku, the nearest port to Peking (Beijing). By March 1900 the uprising spread beyond the secret societies and Western powers decided to intervene, partly to protect their nationals but mainly to counter the threat to their territorial and trade ambitions. Missionaries and other civilians were killed, women were raped, and European property was destroyed. Throughout 1899 the I-ho-ch'uan and other militant societies combined in a campaign against westerners and westernised Chinese. Dubbed the 'Boxers' by western correspondents, the society gave the Boxer Uprising, or Rebellion, its name. Among the most violent and popular was the I-ho-ch'uan (the Righteous and Harmonious Fists). As Western influence increased, anti-European secret societies began to form. Uprisingīy the end of the nineteenth century the balance of the lucrative trade between China and merchants from America and Europe, particularly Britain, lay almost entirely in the West's favour. This eventually led to the Chinese revolution of 1911 which toppled the imperial dynasty. The Chinese government's failure to resist inroads on its sovereignty and withstand further demands from the Europeans, such as the right to build railways and other concessions, caused much resentment among large sections of the population.

The largest of these was Shanghai, where French, German, British, and American merchants demanded large tracts of land in which they asserted 'extra-territorial' rights, meaning they were subject to the laws of their own country not China. In the Opium Wars of the 1860s the British forced the Chinese to accept the import of opium in return for Chinese goods, and trading centres were established at major ports. There was little the Chinese government wanted from the West at the time but there was a strong demand for opium among the population.

1.6 Left to recuperate before coming homeĪustralia's involvement in the The Boxer Rebellionĭuring the nineteenth century the major European powers compelled the reluctant Chinese Empire to start trading with them.

1 Australia's involvement in the The Boxer Rebellion.

Victoria 2 boxer rebellion